Pentateuch
n . 摩西五书
摩西五书
Pentateuch n 1 :
the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit [
synonym : {
Torah }, {
Pentateuch }, {
Laws }]
Pentateuch \
Pen "
ta *
teuch \,
n . [
L .
pentateuchus ,
Gr . ?; ? (
see {
Penta -}) ?
a tool ,
implement ,
a book ,
akin to ?
to prepare ,
make ready ,
and perh .
to E .
text .
See {
Five },
and {
Text }.]
The first five books of the Old Testament ,
collectively ; --
called also the {
Law of Moses }, {
Book of the Law of Moses },
etc .
[
1913 Webster ]
Pentateuch the five -
fold volume ,
consisting of the first five books of the Old Testament .
This word does not occur in Scripture ,
nor is it certainly known when the roll was thus divided into five portions Genesis ,
Exodus ,
Leviticus ,
Numbers ,
Deuteronomy .
Probably that was done by the LXX .
translators .
Some modern critics speak of a Hexateuch ,
introducing the Book of Joshua as one of the group .
But this book is of an entirely different character from the other books ,
and has a different author .
It stands by itself as the first of a series of historical books beginning with the entrance of the Israelites into Canaan . (
See {
JOSHUA }.)
The books composing the Pentateuch are properly but one book ,
the "
Law of Moses ,"
the "
Book of the Law of Moses ,"
the "
Book of Moses ,"
or ,
as the Jews designate it ,
the "
Torah "
or "
Law ."
That in its present form it "
proceeds from a single author is proved by its plan and aim ,
according to which its whole contents refer to the covenant concluded between Jehovah and his people ,
by the instrumentality of Moses ,
in such a way that everything before his time is perceived to be preparatory to this fact ,
and all the rest to be the development of it .
Nevertheless ,
this unity has not been stamped upon it as a matter of necessity by the latest redactor :
it has been there from the beginning ,
and is visible in the first plan and in the whole execution of the work .",
Keil ,
Einl .
i .
d .
A .
T .
A certain school of critics have set themselves to reconstruct the books of the Old Testament .
By a process of "
scientific study "
they have discovered that the so -
called historical books of the Old Testament are not history at all ,
but a miscellaneous collection of stories ,
the inventions of many different writers ,
patched together by a variety of editors !
As regards the Pentateuch ,
they are not ashamed to attribute fraud ,
and even conspiracy ,
to its authors ,
who sought to find acceptance to their work which was composed partly in the age of Josiah ,
and partly in that of Ezra and Nehemiah ,
by giving it out to be the work of Moses !
This is not the place to enter into the details of this controversy .
We may say frankly ,
however ,
that we have no faith in this "
higher criticism ."
It degrades the books of the Old Testament below the level of fallible human writings ,
and the arguments on which its speculations are built are altogether untenable .
The evidences in favour of the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch are conclusive .
We may thus state some of them briefly :
(
1 .)
These books profess to have been written by Moses in the name of God (
Ex .
17 :
14 ;
24 :
3 ,
4 ,
7 ;
32 :
7 -
10 ,
30 -
34 ;
34 :
27 ;
Lev .
26 :
46 ;
27 :
34 ;
Deut .
31 :
9 ,
24 ,
25 ).
(
2 .)
This also is the uniform and persistent testimony of the Jews of all sects in all ages and countries (
comp .
Josh .
8 :
31 ,
32 ;
1 Kings 2 :
3 ;
Jer .
7 :
22 ;
Ezra 6 :
18 ;
Neh .
8 :
1 ;
Mal .
4 :
4 ;
Matt .
22 :
24 ;
Acts 15 :
21 ).
(
3 .)
Our Lord plainly taught the Mosaic authorship of these books (
Matt .
5 :
17 ,
18 ;
19 :
8 ;
22 :
31 ,
32 ;
23 :
2 ;
Mark 10 :
9 ;
12 :
26 ;
Luke 16 :
31 ;
20 :
37 ;
24 :
26 ,
27 ,
44 ;
John 3 :
14 ;
5 :
45 ,
46 ,
47 ;
6 :
32 ,
49 ;
7 :
19 ,
22 ).
In the face of this fact ,
will any one venture to allege either that Christ was ignorant of the composition of the Bible ,
or that ,
knowing the true state of the case ,
he yet encouraged the people in the delusion they clung to ?
(
4 .)
From the time of Joshua down to the time of Ezra there is ,
in the intermediate historical books ,
a constant reference to the Pentateuch as the "
Book of the Law of Moses ."
This is a point of much importance ,
inasmuch as the critics deny that there is any such reference ;
and hence they deny the historical character of the Pentateuch .
As regards the Passover ,
e .
g .,
we find it frequently spoken of or alluded to in the historical books following the Pentateuch ,
showing that the "
Law of Moses "
was then certainly known .
It was celebrated in the time of Joshua (
Josh .
5 :
10 ,
cf .
4 :
19 ),
Hezekiah (
2 Chr .
30 ),
Josiah (
2 Kings 23 ;
2 Chr .
35 ),
and Zerubbabel (
Ezra 6 :
19 -
22 ),
and is referred to in such passages as 2 Kings 23 :
22 ;
2 Chr .
35 :
18 ;
1 Kings 9 :
25 ("
three times in a year ");
2 Chr .
8 :
13 .
Similarly we might show frequent references to the Feast of Tabernacles and other Jewish institutions ,
although we do not admit that any valid argument can be drawn from the silence of Scripture in such a case .
An examination of the following texts ,
1 Kings 2 :
9 ;
2 Kings 14 :
6 ;
2 Chr .
23 :
18 ;
25 :
4 ;
34 :
14 ;
Ezra 3 :
2 ;
7 :
6 ;
Dan .
9 :
11 ,
13 ,
will also plainly show that the "
Law of Moses "
was known during all these centuries .
Granting that in the time of Moses there existed certain oral traditions or written records and documents which he was divinely led to make use of in his history ,
and that his writing was revised by inspired successors ,
this will fully account for certain peculiarities of expression which critics have called "
anachronisms "
and "
contradictions ,"
but in no way militates against the doctrine that Moses was the original author of the whole of the Pentateuch .
It is not necessary for us to affirm that the whole is an original composition ;
but we affirm that the evidences clearly demonstrate that Moses was the author of those books which have come down to us bearing his name .
The Pentateuch is certainly the basis and necessary preliminary of the whole of the Old Testament history and literature . (
See {
DEUTERONOMY }.)
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