examination 音标拼音: [ɪgz
, æmən'eʃən]
n . 考试,考查,检查,审查
考试,考查,检查,审查
examination *检查
examination n 1 :
the act of examining something closely (
as for mistakes )
[
synonym : {
examination }, {
scrutiny }]
2 :
a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge ; "
when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions " [
synonym : {
examination }, {
exam },
{
test }]
3 :
formal systematic questioning [
synonym : {
interrogation },
{
examination }, {
interrogatory }]
4 :
a detailed inspection of your conscience (
as done daily by Jesuits ) [
synonym : {
examen }, {
examination }]
5 :
the act of giving students or candidates a test (
as by questions )
to determine what they know or have learned [
synonym :
{
examination }, {
testing }]
Test \
Test \,
n . [
OE .
test test ,
or cupel ,
potsherd ,
F .
t [^
e ]
t ,
from L .
testum an earthen vessel ;
akin to testa a piece of burned clay ,
an earthen pot ,
a potsherd ,
perhaps for tersta ,
and akin to torrere to patch ,
terra earth (
cf . {
Thirst },
and {
Terrace }),
but cf .
Zend tasta cup .
Cf . {
Test }
a shell ,
{
Testaceous }, {
Tester }
a covering ,
a coin , {
Testy },
{
T [^
e ]
te -[`
a ]-
t [^
e ]
te }.]
1 . (
Metal .)
A cupel or cupelling hearth in which precious metals are melted for trial and refinement .
[
1913 Webster ]
Our ingots ,
tests ,
and many mo . --
Chaucer .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
Examination or trial by the cupel ;
hence ,
any critical examination or decisive trial ;
as ,
to put a man '
s assertions to a test . "
Bring me to the test ." --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 .
Means of trial ;
as ,
absence is a test of love .
[
1913 Webster ]
Each test every light her muse will bear . --
Dryden .
[
1913 Webster ]
4 .
That with which anything is compared for proof of its genuineness ;
a touchstone ;
a standard .
[
1913 Webster ]
Life ,
force ,
and beauty must to all impart ,
At once the source ,
and end ,
and test of art .
--
Pope .
[
1913 Webster ]
5 .
Discriminative characteristic ;
standard of judgment ;
ground of admission or exclusion .
[
1913 Webster ]
Our test excludes your tribe from benefit . --
Dryden .
[
1913 Webster ]
6 .
Judgment ;
distinction ;
discrimination .
[
1913 Webster ]
Who would excel ,
when few can make a test Betwixt indifferent writing and the best ? --
Dryden .
[
1913 Webster ]
7 . (
Chem .)
A reaction employed to recognize or distinguish any particular substance or constituent of a compound ,
as the production of some characteristic precipitate ;
also ,
the reagent employed to produce such reaction ;
thus ,
the ordinary test for sulphuric acid is the production of a white insoluble precipitate of barium sulphate by means of some soluble barium salt .
[
1913 Webster ]
8 .
A set of questions to be answered or problems to be solved ,
used as a means to measure a person '
s knowledge ,
aptitude ,
skill ,
intelligence ,
etc .;
in school settings ,
synonymous with {
examination }
or {
exam };
as ,
an intelligence test .
Also used attributively ;
as a test score ,
test results .
[
PJC ]
{
Test act } (
Eng .
Law ),
an act of the English Parliament prescribing a form of oath and declaration against transubstantiation ,
which all officers ,
civil and military ,
were formerly obliged to take within six months after their admission to office .
They were obliged also to receive the sacrament according to the usage of the Church of England . --
Blackstone .
{
Test object } (
Optics ),
an object which tests the power or quality of a microscope or telescope ,
by requiring a certain degree of excellence in the instrument to determine its existence or its peculiar texture or markings .
{
Test paper }.
(
a ) (
Chem .)
Paper prepared for use in testing for certain substances by being saturated with a reagent which changes color in some specific way when acted upon by those substances ;
thus ,
litmus paper is turned red by acids ,
and blue by alkalies ,
turmeric paper is turned brown by alkalies ,
etc .
(
b ) (
Law )
An instrument admitted as a standard or comparison of handwriting in those jurisdictions in which comparison of hands is permitted as a mode of proving handwriting .
{
Test tube }. (
Chem .)
(
a )
A simple tube of thin glass ,
closed at one end ,
for heating solutions and for performing ordinary reactions .
(
b )
A graduated tube .
[
1913 Webster ]
Syn :
Criterion ;
standard ;
experience ;
proof ;
experiment ;
trial .
Usage : {
Test }, {
Trial }.
Trial is the wider term ;
test is a searching and decisive trial .
It is derived from the Latin testa (
earthen pot ),
which term was early applied to the fining pot ,
or crucible ,
in which metals are melted for trial and refinement .
Hence the peculiar force of the word ,
as indicating a trial or criterion of the most decisive kind .
[
1913 Webster ]
I leave him to your gracious acceptance ,
whose trial shall better publish his commediation .
--
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
Thy virtue ,
prince ,
has stood the test of fortune ,
Like purest gold ,
that tortured in the furnace ,
Comes out more bright ,
and brings forth all its weight . --
Addison .
[
1913 Webster ]
Examination \
Ex *
am `
i *
na "
tion \,
n . [
L .
examinatio :
cf .
F .
examination .]
1 .
The act of examining ,
or state of being examined ;
a careful search ,
investigation ,
or inquiry ;
scrutiny by study or experiment .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
A process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification ;
as ,
the examination of a student ,
or of a candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry .
[
1913 Webster ]
He neglected the studies , . . .
stood low at the examinations . --
Macaulay .
[
1913 Webster ]
{
Examination in chief },
or {
Direct examination } (
Law ),
that examination which is made of a witness by a party calling him .
{
Cross -
examination },
that made by the opposite party .
{
Re ["
e ]
xamination },
or {
Re -
direct examination }, (
Law )
that questioning of a witness at trial made by the party calling the witness ,
after ,
and upon matters arising out of ,
the cross -
examination ;
also called informally {
re -
direct }.
Syn :
Search ;
inquiry ;
investigation ;
research ;
scrutiny ;
inquisition ;
inspection ;
exploration .
[
1913 Webster ]
169 Moby Thesaurus words for "
examination ":
Pap test ,
Socratic method ,
airing ,
analysis ,
anatomic diagnosis ,
appraisal ,
article ,
asking ,
assessment ,
assize ,
audition ,
biological diagnosis ,
biopsy ,
blue book ,
bringing into question ,
buzz session ,
canvassing ,
catechetical method ,
catechism ,
catechization ,
catechizing ,
causerie ,
challenge ,
change of venue ,
checkout ,
clinical diagnosis ,
colloquium ,
conference ,
consideration ,
contemplation ,
court -
martial ,
cross -
examination ,
cytodiagnosis ,
debate ,
debating ,
deliberation ,
descant ,
diagnosis ,
dialectic ,
dialogue ,
differential diagnosis ,
digital examination ,
discourse ,
discussion ,
dispute ,
disquisition ,
dissertation ,
electrocardiography ,
electroencephalography ,
electromyography ,
enquiry ,
essay ,
etude ,
exam ,
examen ,
exchange of views ,
excursus ,
exploration ,
exposition ,
eyeball inspection ,
feature ,
final ,
final examination ,
first approach ,
forum ,
going -
over ,
great go ,
grilling ,
hearing ,
homily ,
honors ,
inquest ,
inquiring ,
inquiry ,
inquisition ,
inspection ,
interpellation ,
interrogation ,
introductory study ,
investigation ,
joint discussion ,
jury trial ,
laboratory diagnosis ,
logical analysis ,
logical discussion ,
lucubration ,
mammography ,
memoir ,
midsemester ,
midterm ,
mistrial ,
monograph ,
morceau ,
note ,
ocular inspection ,
open discussion ,
open forum ,
oral ,
oral examination ,
outline ,
overhaul ,
overhauling ,
overview ,
pandect ,
panel discussion ,
paper ,
paragraph ,
perlustration ,
perusal ,
physical diagnosis ,
physical examination ,
piece ,
postmortem diagnosis ,
prelim ,
preliminary study ,
probe ,
probing ,
prolegomenon ,
pumping ,
quality control ,
querying ,
questioning ,
quiz ,
quizzing ,
rap ,
rap session ,
research ,
research paper ,
review ,
run -
through ,
scan ,
screed ,
scrutiny ,
search ,
seeking ,
seminar ,
serodiagnosis ,
sketch ,
smear ,
special article ,
study ,
survey ,
symposium ,
take -
home examination ,
term paper ,
test ,
testing ,
the eye ,
theme ,
thesis ,
third degree ,
town meeting ,
tract ,
tractate ,
treatise ,
treatment ,
trial ,
trial by jury ,
tripos ,
urinalysis ,
uroscopy ,
ventilation ,
vetting ,
visitation ,
visual examination ,
viva ,
work -
up ,
written ,
written examination EXAMINATION ,
crim .
law .
By the common law no one is bound to accuse himself .
Nemo tenetur prodere seipsum .
In England ,
by the statutes of Philip and Mary , (
1 &
2 P . &
M .
c .
13 ;
2 &
3 P . &
M .
c .
10 ,)
the principles of which have been adopted in several of the United States ,
the justices before whom any person shall be brought ,
charged with any of the crimes therein mentioned ,
shall take the examination of the prisoner ,
as well is that of the witnesses ,
in writing ,
which the magistrates shall subscribe ,
and deliver to the officer of the court where the trial is to be had .
The signature of the prisoner ,
when not specially required by statute ,
is not indispensable ,
though it is proper to obtain it ,
when it can be obtained .
1 Chit .
Cr .
Law ,
87 ;
2 Leach ,
Cr .
Cas .
625 .
2 .
It will be proper to consider ,
1 .
The requisites of such examination .
2 .
How it is to be proved .
3 .
Its effects .
3 .-
1 .
It is required that it should ,
1st .
Be voluntarily made ,
without any compulsion of any kind ;
and ,
2d .
It must be reduced to writing .
1st .
The law is particularly solicitous to let the prisoner be free in making declarations in his examination ;
and if the prisoner has not been left entirely free ,
or did not consider himself to be so ,
or if he did not feel at liberty wholly to decline any explanation or declaration whatever ,
the examination is not considered voluntary ,
and the writing cannot be read in evidence against him ,
nor can parol evidence be received of what the prisoner said on the occasion .
5 C . &
P .
812 ;
7 C . &
P .
177 ;
1 Stark .
R .
242 ;
6 Penn .
Law Journ .
120 .
The prisoner ,
of course ,
cannot be sworn ,
and make his statement under oath .
Bull .
N .
P .
242 ;
4 Hawk .
P .
C .
book 2 ,
c .
46 ,
Sec .
37 ;
4 C . &
P .
564 .
2a .
The statute requires that the examination shall be reduced to writing ,
or so much as may be material ,
and the law presumes the magistrate did his duty and took down all that was material .
Joy on Conf .
89 -
92 ;
1 Greenl .
Ev .
Sec .
227 .
The prisoner need not sign the examination so reduced to writing ,
to give it validity ;
but ,
if being asked to sign it ,
he absolutely refuse ,
it will be considered incomplete .
2 Stark .
R .
483 ;
2 Leach ,
Cr .
Cas .
627 ,
n .
4 .-
2 .
The certificate of the magistrate is conclusive evidence of the manner in which the examination was conducted .
7 C . &
P .
177 ;
9 C . &
P .
124 ;
1 Stark .
R .
242 .
Before it can be given in evidence ,
its identity must be proved ,
as well as the identity of the prisoner .
When the prisoner has signed the examination ,
proof of his handwriting is sufficient evidence that he has read it ;
but if he has merely made his mark ,
or not signed it at all ,
the magistrate or clerk must identify the prisoner ,
and prove that the writing was duly read to him ,
and that he assented to it .
l Greenl .
Ev .
Sec .
520 ;
1 M . &
Rob .
395 .
5 .-
3 .
The effect of such an examination ,
when properly taken and proved ,
is sufficient to found a conviction .
1 Greenl .
Ev .
Sec .
216 .
EXAMINATION ,
practice .
The interrogation of a witness ,
in order to ascertain his knowledge as to the facts in dispute between parties .
When the examination is made by the party who called the witness ,
it is called an examination in chief .
When it is made by the other party ,
it is known by the name of cross -
examination . (
q .
v .)
2 .
The examination is to be made in open court ,
when practicable ;
but when ,:
on account of age ,
sickness ,
or other cause ,
the witness cannot be so examined ,
then it may be made before authorized commissioners .
In the examination in chief the counsel cannot ask leading questions ,
except in particular cases .
Vide Cross -
examination ;
Leading question .
3 .
The laws of the several states require the private examination of a feme covert before a competent officer ,
in order to pass her title to her own real estate or the interest she has in that of her husband :
as to the mode in which this is to be done ,
see Acknowledgment .
See ,
also ,
3 Call ,
R .
394 ;
5 Mason '
s R .
59 ;
1 Hill ,
R .
110 ;
4 Leigh ,
R .
498 ;
2 Gill &
John .
1 ;
3 Rand .
R .
468 1 Monr .
R .
49 ;
3 Monr .
R .
397 ;
1 Edw .
R .
572 ;
3 Yerg .
R .
548 1 Yerg .
R .
413 3 J .
J .
Marsh .
R .
241 2 A .
K .
Marsh .
R .
67 ;
6 Wend .
R .
9 ;
1 Dall .
11 ,
17 ;
3 Yeates ,
R .
471 ;
8 S . &
R .
299 ;
4 S . &
R .
273 .
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