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entropy    音标拼音: ['ɛntrəpi]
n. 熵



entropy
烟; 熵

entropy


entropy
n 1: (communication theory) a numerical measure of the
uncertainty of an outcome; "the signal contained thousands
of bits of information" [synonym: {information}, {selective
information}, {entropy}]
2: (thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity representing the
amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for
doing mechanical work; "entropy increases as matter and
energy in the universe degrade to an ultimate state of inert
uniformity" [synonym: {randomness}, {entropy}, {S}]

Entropy \En"tro*py\, n. [Gr. ? a turning in; ? in ? a turn,
fr. ? to turn.] (Thermodynamics)
A certain property of a body, expressed as a measurable
quantity, such that when there is no communication of heat
the quantity remains constant, but when heat enters or leaves
the body the quantity increases or diminishes. If a small
amount, h, of heat enters the body when its temperature is t
in the thermodynamic scale the entropy of the body is
increased by h / t. The entropy is regarded as measured from
some standard temperature and pressure. Sometimes called the
{thermodynamic function}.
[1913 Webster]

The entropy of the universe tends towards a maximum.
--Clausius.
[1913 Webster]


Heat \Heat\ (h[=e]t), n. [OE. hete, h[ae]te, AS. h[=ae]tu,
h[=ae]to, fr. h[=a]t hot; akin to OHG. heizi heat, Dan. hede,
Sw. hetta. See {Hot}.]
1. A force in nature which is recognized in various effects,
but especially in the phenomena of fusion and evaporation,
and which, as manifested in fire, the sun's rays,
mechanical action, chemical combination, etc., becomes
directly known to us through the sense of feeling. In its
nature heat is a mode of motion, being in general a form
of molecular disturbance or vibration. It was formerly
supposed to be a subtile, imponderable fluid, to which was
given the name {caloric}.
[1913 Webster]

Note: As affecting the human body, heat produces different
sensations, which are called by different names, as
heat or sensible heat, warmth, cold, etc., according to
its degree or amount relatively to the normal
temperature of the body.
[1913 Webster]

2. The sensation caused by the force or influence of heat
when excessive, or above that which is normal to the human
body; the bodily feeling experienced on exposure to fire,
the sun's rays, etc.; the reverse of {cold}.
[1913 Webster]

3. High temperature, as distinguished from low temperature,
or cold; as, the heat of summer and the cold of winter;
heat of the skin or body in fever, etc.
[1913 Webster]

Else how had the world . . .
Avoided pinching cold and scorching heat! --Milton.
[1913 Webster]

4. Indication of high temperature; appearance, condition, or
color of a body, as indicating its temperature; redness;
high color; flush; degree of temperature to which
something is heated, as indicated by appearance,
condition, or otherwise.
[1913 Webster]

It has raised . . . heats in their faces. --Addison.
[1913 Webster]

The heats smiths take of their iron are a blood-red
heat, a white-flame heat, and a sparkling or welding
heat. --Moxon.
[1913 Webster]

5. A single complete operation of heating, as at a forge or
in a furnace; as, to make a horseshoe in a certain number
of heats.
[1913 Webster]

6. A violent action unintermitted; a single effort; a single
course in a race that consists of two or more courses; as,
he won two heats out of three.
[1913 Webster]

Many causes . . . for refreshment betwixt the heats.
--Dryden.
[1913 Webster]

[He] struck off at one heat the matchless tale of
"Tam o' Shanter." --J. C.
Shairp.
[1913 Webster]

7. Utmost violence; rage; vehemence; as, the heat of battle
or party. "The heat of their division." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]

8. Agitation of mind; inflammation or excitement;
exasperation. "The heat and hurry of his rage." --South.
[1913 Webster]

9. Animation, as in discourse; ardor; fervency; as, in the
heat of argument.
[1913 Webster]

With all the strength and heat of eloquence.
--Addison.
[1913 Webster]

10. (Zool.) Sexual excitement in animals; readiness for
sexual activity; estrus or rut.
[1913 Webster PJC]

11. Fermentation.
[1913 Webster]

12. Strong psychological pressure, as in a police
investigation; as, when they turned up the heat, he took
it on the lam. [slang]
[PJC]

{Animal heat}, {Blood heat}, {Capacity for heat}, etc. See
under {Animal}, {Blood}, etc.

{Atomic heat} (Chem.), the product obtained by multiplying
the atomic weight of any element by its specific heat. The
atomic heat of all solid elements is nearly a constant,
the mean value being 6.4.

{Dynamical theory of heat}, that theory of heat which assumes
it to be, not a peculiar kind of matter, but a peculiar
motion of the ultimate particles of matter.

{Heat engine}, any apparatus by which a heated substance, as
a heated fluid, is made to perform work by giving motion
to mechanism, as a hot-air engine, or a steam engine.

{Heat producers}. (Physiol.) See under {Food}.

{Heat rays}, a term formerly applied to the rays near the red
end of the spectrum, whether within or beyond the visible
spectrum.

{Heat weight} (Mech.), the product of any quantity of heat by
the mechanical equivalent of heat divided by the absolute
temperature; -- called also {thermodynamic function}, and
{entropy}.

{Mechanical equivalent of heat}. See under {Equivalent}.

{Specific heat of a substance (at any temperature)}, the
number of units of heat required to raise the temperature
of a unit mass of the substance at that temperature one
degree.

{Unit of heat}, the quantity of heat required to raise, by
one degree, the temperature of a unit mass of water,
initially at a certain standard temperature. The
temperature usually employed is that of 0[deg] Centigrade,
or 32[deg] Fahrenheit.
[1913 Webster]

107 Moby Thesaurus words for "entropy":
EDP, abeyance, aloofness, amorphia, amorphism, amorphousness,
anarchy, apathy, bit, blurriness, catalepsy, catatonia, channel,
chaos, communication explosion, communication theory, confusion,
data retrieval, data storage, deadliness, deathliness, decoding,
derangement, diffusion, disarrangement, disarray, disarticulation,
discomfiture, discomposure, disconcertedness, discontinuity,
discreteness, disharmony, dishevelment, disintegration,
disjunction, dislocation, disorder, disorderliness,
disorganization, dispersal, dispersion, disproportion, disruption,
dissolution, disturbance, dormancy, electronic data processing,
encoding, formlessness, fuzziness, haphazardness, haziness,
incoherence, inconsistency, indecisiveness, indefiniteness,
indeterminateness, indifference, indiscriminateness, indolence,
inertia, inertness, information explosion, information theory,
inharmonious harmony, irregularity, languor, latency, lotus-eating,
messiness, mistiness, most admired disorder, noise, nonadhesion,
noncohesion, nonsymmetry, nonuniformity, obscurity, orderlessness,
passiveness, passivity, perturbation, promiscuity, promiscuousness,
randomness, redundancy, scattering, separateness, shapelessness,
signal, stagnancy, stagnation, stasis, suspense, torpor,
turbulence, unadherence, unadhesiveness, unclearness, unsymmetry,
untenacity, ununiformity, upset, vagueness, vegetation,
vis inertiae

A measure of the disorder of a system. Systems tend
to go from a state of order (low entropy) to a state of
maximum disorder (high entropy).

The entropy of a system is related to the amount of
{information} it contains. A highly ordered system can be
described using fewer {bits} of information than a disordered
one. For example, a string containing one million "0"s can be
described using {run-length encoding} as [("0", 1000000)]
whereas a string of random symbols (e.g. bits, or characters)
will be much harder, if not impossible, to compress in this
way.

{Shannon}'s formula gives the entropy H(M) of a message M in
bits:

H(M) = -log2 p(M)

Where p(M) is the probability of message M.

(1998-11-23)


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  • Entropy - Wikipedia
    Entropy is a thermodynamic state variable that quantifies the probabilistic distribution of accessible microstates in a system The term and the concept are used in diverse fields, from classical thermodynamics (where it was first recognized), to the microscopic description of nature in statistical physics, and the principles of information theory It has found far-ranging applications in
  • ENTROPY Definition Meaning - Merriam-Webster
    The meaning of ENTROPY is a measure of the unavailable energy in a closed thermodynamic system that is also usually considered to be a measure of the system's disorder, that is a property of the system's state, and that varies directly with any reversible change in heat in the system and inversely with the temperature of the system; broadly : the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system
  • What Is Entropy? Definition and Examples
    Entropy is defined as a measure of a system’s disorder or the energy unavailable to do work Entropy is a key concept in physics and chemistry, with application in other disciplines, including cosmology, biology, and economics In physics, it is part of thermodynamics In chemistry, it is part of physical chemistry
  • Entropy: Why the Universe is Slowly Running Out of Useful Energy
    The ultimate implication of entropy on a cosmic scale is a scenario known as heat death In this far-future vision, the universe reaches a state of maximum entropy Energy is evenly distributed, temperature differences vanish, and no process capable of doing work remains possible Stars burn out, galaxies fade, and even black holes evaporate
  • Entropy: The Invisible Force That Brings Disorder to the Universe
    Entropy is the disorder of a system, but that means a lot more than making a mess of a room
  • Introduction to entropy - Wikipedia
    Thermodynamic entropy is measured as a change in entropy ( ) to a system containing a sub-system which undergoes heat transfer to its surroundings (inside the system of interest) It is based on the macroscopic relationship between heat flow into the sub-system and the temperature at which it occurs summed over the boundary of that sub-system
  • What Is Entropy? A Measure of Just How Little We Really Know.
    Exactly 200 years ago, a French engineer introduced an idea that would quantify the universe’s inexorable slide into decay But entropy, as it’s currently understood, is less a fact about the world than a reflection of our growing ignorance Embracing that truth is leading to a rethink of everything from rational decision-making to the limits of machines
  • Entropy | Definition Equation | Britannica
    Entropy, the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work Because work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, entropy is also a measure of the molecular disorder, or randomness, of a system
  • What Is Entropy? Why Everything Tends Toward Chaos
    The Mystery of Low Entropy Beginnings One of the deepest puzzles in physics today is why the universe began in such a low-entropy state If high entropy is the natural, likely condition, why did the Big Bang produce a cosmos of extraordinary order? This mystery touches on the origins of time itself
  • 12. 3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy - OpenStax
    The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a system either increases or remains constant in any spontaneous process; it never decreases An important implication of this law is that heat transfers energy spontaneously from higher- to lower-temperature objects, but never spontaneously in the reverse direction





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